CentOS 編譯安裝 MySQL 5.6 全流程與官方 Yum 源極速部署指南

編譯安裝可定製特性、優化編譯參數，但依賴解決耗時；官方 Yum 源提供預編譯 RPM，升級回滾極其便捷。本文雙軌並行：詳述 CMake 編譯全流程（依賴、參數、庫導出），並給出生產環境推薦的 Yum 源一鍵部署方案。

一、 源碼編譯安裝 MySQL 5.6.14

1. 系統級依賴

yum groupinstall "Development Tools" -y
yum -y install make gcc-c++ cmake bison-devel ncurses-devel

2. 獲取源碼

wget https://cdn.mysql.com/Downloads/MySQL-5.6/mysql-5.6.14.tar.gz
tar xvf mysql-5.6.14.tar.gz
cd mysql-5.6.14

3. CMake 配置關鍵參數

cmake \
  -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/usr/local/mysql \
  -DMYSQL_DATADIR=/usr/local/mysql/data \
  -DSYSCONFDIR=/etc \
  -DWITH_MYISAM_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 \
  -DWITH_INNOBASE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 \
  -DWITH_MEMORY_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 \
  -DWITH_READLINE=1 \
  -DMYSQL_UNIX_ADDR=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock \
  -DMYSQL_TCP_PORT=3306 \
  -DENABLED_LOCAL_INFILE=1 \
  -DWITH_PARTITION_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 \
  -DEXTRA_CHARSETS=all \
  -DDEFAULT_CHARSET=utf8 \
  -DDEFAULT_COLLATION=utf8_general_ci

4. 編譯安裝

make -j$(nproc) && make install

5. 運行時環境導出（關鍵步驟，避免後續軟件找不到庫/頭文件）

# 庫文件
echo "/usr/local/mysql/lib" > /etc/ld.so.conf.d/mysql-x86_64.conf
ldconfig -v | grep mysql

# 頭文件
ln -sv /usr/local/mysql/include /usr/include/mysql

# 手冊頁
echo "MANPATH /usr/local/mysql/man" >> /etc/man.config

# 二進制路徑
echo 'export PATH=/usr/local/mysql/bin:$PATH' >> /etc/profile
source /etc/profile

6. 初始化數據目錄與啟動

groupadd mysql; useradd -g mysql -s /sbin/nologin -M mysql
mkdir -p /usr/local/mysql/data
chown -R mysql:mysql /usr/local/mysql
cd /usr/local/mysql/scripts
./mysql_install_db --user=mysql --basedir=/usr/local/mysql --datadir=/usr/local/mysql/data
cp support-files/mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysqld
chkconfig --add mysqld; chkconfig mysqld on
service mysqld start

二、 官方 Yum 源極速部署（推薦生產）

1. 配置 Yum 源

# RHEL/CentOS 7 / Oracle Linux 7
rpm -Uvh https://dev.mysql.com/get/mysql80-community-release-el7-5.noarch.rpm
# 或 5.7 版本
rpm -Uvh https://dev.mysql.com/get/mysql57-community-release-el7-11.noarch.rpm

# RHEL/CentOS 6
rpm -Uvh https://dev.mysql.com/get/mysql57-community-release-el6-11.noarch.rpm

# Fedora 20/19/18
rpm -Uvh https://dev.mysql.com/get/mysql57-community-release-fc20-11.noarch.rpm

2. 可用子倉庫

• mysql57-community / mysql80-community：GA 版本
• mysql-tools-community：MySQL Router、Shell、Workbench
• mysql-connectors-community：JDBC/ODBC/Python/C++ 連接器

3. 安裝與啟動

yum -y install mysql-community-server
systemctl enable mysqld && systemctl start mysqld
# 臨時密碼在 /var/log/mysqld.log，首次登錄必改
grep 'temporary password' /var/log/mysqld.log
mysql -uroot -p
ALTER USER 'root'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'StrongPwd@123';

4. 版本鎖定與降級

yum --showduplicates list mysql-community-server | expand
yum install mysql-community-server-5.7.36-1.el7  # 指定版本
yum downgrade mysql-community-server-5.7.35-1.el7  # 回滾

三、 方案選型建議

結論：除非有特殊定製需求，**生產環境首選官方 Yum 源**，配合 Ansible/SaltStack 實現不可變基礎設施部署。