利用閒暇時間搭建經典的 SSH（Spring + SpringMVC + Hibernate）整合專案，梳理曾學知識並記錄完整配置過程。本文採用 Maven 管理依賴，IntelliJ IDEA 為開發工具，資料庫使用 MySQL，應用伺服器為 Tomcat。適合具備 Java Web 基礎、欲快速上手整合開發的讀者。
ssh（UTF-8 編碼）
採用分層架構：controller → service → repository → entity，配置檔置於 resources/META-INF。
在 pom.xml 統一聲明版本屬性，核心依賴如下：
<properties>
<springVersion>4.3.1.RELEASE</springVersion>
<hibernateVersion>4.3.5.Final</hibernateVersion>
<mysqlVersion>6.0.3</mysqlVersion>
<c3p0Version>0.9.1.2</c3p0Version>
<jacksonVersion>2.5.0</jacksonVersion>
<lombokVersion>1.16.10</lombokVersion>
</properties>
<dependencies>
<!-- Spring 核心 -->
<dependency><groupId>org.springframework</groupId><artifactId>spring-context</artifactId><version>${springVersion}</version></dependency>
<dependency><groupId>org.springframework</groupId><artifactId>spring-orm</artifactId><version>${springVersion}</version></dependency>
<dependency><groupId>org.springframework</groupId><artifactId>spring-webmvc</artifactId><version>${springVersion}</version></dependency>
<!-- Hibernate -->
<dependency><groupId>org.hibernate</groupId><artifactId>hibernate-core</artifactId><version>${hibernateVersion}</version></dependency>
<dependency><groupId>org.hibernate</groupId><artifactId>hibernate-ehcache</artifactId><version>${hibernateVersion}</version></dependency>
<!-- 資料庫連線池 -->
<dependency><groupId>c3p0</groupId><artifactId>c3p0</artifactId><version>${c3p0Version}</version></dependency>
<dependency><groupId>mysql</groupId><artifactId>mysql-connector-java</artifactId><version>${mysqlVersion}</version></dependency>
<!-- JSON 處理 -->
<dependency><groupId>com.fasterxml.jackson.core</groupId><artifactId>jackson-databind</artifactId><version>${jacksonVersion}</version></dependency>
<!-- Lombok 簡化實體類 -->
<dependency><groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId><artifactId>lombok</artifactId><version>${lombokVersion}</version><scope>provided</scope></dependency>
<!-- Servlet/JSP/JSTL -->
<dependency><groupId>javax.servlet</groupId><artifactId>servlet-api</artifactId><version>3.0-alpha-1</version><scope>provided</scope></dependency>
<dependency><groupId>jstl</groupId><artifactId>jstl</artifactId><version>1.2</version></dependency>
<dependency><groupId>taglibs</groupId><artifactId>standard</artifactId><version>1.1.2</version></dependency>
<!-- 單元測試 -->
<dependency><groupId>junit</groupId><artifactId>junit</artifactId><version>3.8.1</version><scope>test</scope></dependency>
</dependencies>執行 mvn clean install 自動下載依賴至本地倉庫。
spring-mvc.xml (resources/META-INF/)<beans xmlns="https://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="https://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:context="https://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
xmlns:mvc="https://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc"
xsi:schemaLocation="...">
<!-- 啟用註解驅動：自動註冊 RequestMapping、MessageConverter 等 -->
<mvc:annotation-driven />
<!-- 掃描 Controller 套件 -->
<context:component-scan base-package="com.ssh.controller" />
<!-- 視圖解析器：JSP 前綴/後綴 -->
<bean id="viewResolver" class="org.springframework.web.servlet.view.InternalResourceViewResolver">
<property name="viewClass" value="org.springframework.web.servlet.view.JstlView" />
<property name="prefix" value="/views/" />
<property name="suffix" value=".jsp" />
</bean>
<!-- 靜態資源映射 -->
<mvc:resources mapping="/js/**" location="/resources/js/" />
<mvc:resources mapping="/css/**" location="/resources/css/" />
<mvc:resources mapping="/img/**" location="/resources/img/" />
</beans>web.xml 配置 DispatcherServlet<web-app version="3.0" ...>
<welcome-file-list><welcome-file>/index.jsp</welcome-file></welcome-file-list>
<servlet>
<servlet-name>spring</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet</servlet-class>
<init-param>
<param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>
<param-value>classpath:META-INF/spring-mvc.xml</param-value>
</init-param>
<load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>spring</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
</web-app>@Controller
public class MainController {
@RequestMapping(value = "/test", method = RequestMethod.GET)
public String test() {
return "test"; // 解析為 /views/test.jsp
}
}啟動 Tomcat，瀏覽器訪問 https://localhost:8080/test 顯示 JSP 頁面即成功。
分離業務層與表現層：applicationContext.xml 掃描 Service/Repository，spring-mvc.xml 僅掃描 Controller。
applicationContext.xml<beans ...>
<context:component-scan base-package="com.ssh">
<context:exclude-filter type="annotation" expression="org.springframework.stereotype.Controller"/>
</context:component-scan>
</beans>web.xml 新增 ContextLoaderListener<context-param>
<param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>
<param-value>classpath:META-INF/applicationContext.xml</param-value>
</context-param>
<listener>
<listener-class>org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener</listener-class>
</listener>
<!-- 字元編碼過濾器 -->
<filter>
<filter-name>encodingFilter</filter-name>
<filter-class>org.springframework.web.filter.CharacterEncodingFilter</filter-class>
<init-param><param-name>encoding</param-name><param-value>UTF-8</param-value></init-param>
<init-param><param-name>forceEncoding</param-name><param-value>true</param-value></init-param>
</filter>
<filter-mapping><filter-name>encodingFilter</filter-name><url-pattern>/*</url-pattern></filter-mapping>@Service
public class TestServiceImpl implements TestService {
public String test() { return "test"; }
}
@Controller
public class MainController {
@Autowired private TestService testService;
@RequestMapping("/springtest")
@ResponseBody
public String springTest() { return testService.test(); }
}訪問 /springtest 返回 "test" 驗證整合成功。
config.properties (classpath 根目錄)# Database
jdbc.driver=com.mysql.jdbc.Driver
jdbc.url=jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/ssh?useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=utf-8
jdbc.username=root
jdbc.password=your_password
# Hibernate
hibernate.dialect=org.hibernate.dialect.MySQLDialect
hibernate.show_sql=true
hibernate.format_sql=true
hibernate.hbm2ddl.auto=updateapplicationContext.xml 擴充資料源、SessionFactory、事務管理<context:property-placeholder location="classpath:/config.properties" />
<!-- C3P0 連線池 -->
<bean id="dataSource" class="com.mchange.v2.c3p0.ComboPooledDataSource" destroy-method="close">
<property name="driverClass" value="${jdbc.driver}" />
<property name="jdbcUrl" value="${jdbc.url}" />
<property name="user" value="${jdbc.username}" />
<property name="password" value="${jdbc.password}" />
<property name="maxPoolSize" value="40" />
<property name="minPoolSize" value="1" />
<property name="initialPoolSize" value="10" />
<property name="maxIdleTime" value="20" />
</bean>
<!-- Hibernate SessionFactory -->
<bean id="sessionFactory" class="org.springframework.orm.hibernate4.LocalSessionFactoryBean">
<property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource" />
<property name="packagesToScan" value="com.ssh.entity" />
<property name="hibernateProperties">
<props>
<prop key="hibernate.hbm2ddl.auto">${hibernate.hbm2ddl.auto}</prop>
<prop key="hibernate.dialect">${hibernate.dialect}</prop>
<prop key="hibernate.show_sql">${hibernate.show_sql}</prop>
<prop key="hibernate.format_sql">${hibernate.format_sql}</prop>
</props>
</property>
</bean>
<!-- 事務管理器 -->
<bean id="transactionManager" class="org.springframework.orm.hibernate4.HibernateTransactionManager">
<property name="sessionFactory" ref="sessionFactory" />
</bean>
<!-- 開啟註解式事務 -->
<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager" />@Data @Entity @Table(name = "Person")
public class Person {
@Id @GeneratedValue private Long id;
@Column(name = "created") private Long created = System.currentTimeMillis();
@Column(name = "username") private String username;
@Column(name = "address") private String address;
@Column(name = "phone") private String phone;
@Column(name = "remark") private String remark;
}使用 Lombok @Data 自動生成 Getter/Setter/toString，需 IDE 安裝 Lombok 插件。
public interface DomainRepository {
T load(PK id); T get(PK id); List findAll();
void persist(T entity); PK save(T entity);
void saveOrUpdate(T entity); void delete(PK id); void flush();
}
public interface PersonRepository extends DomainRepository {}
@Repository
public class PersonRepositoryImpl implements PersonRepository {
@Autowired private SessionFactory sessionFactory;
private Session getCurrentSession() {
return sessionFactory.openSession(); // Hibernate 4 必須用 openSession()
}
// 實作 CRUD 方法，委派給 Session API
public Long save(Person entity) { return (Long) getCurrentSession().save(entity); }
// ... 其他方法省略
} @Service
public class PersonServiceImpl implements PersonService {
@Autowired private PersonRepository personRepository;
@Transactional
public Long savePerson() {
Person p = new Person();
p.setUsername("XRog");
p.setPhone("18381005946");
p.setAddress("Chengdu");
p.setRemark("this is XRog");
return personRepository.save(p);
}
}@Controller
public class MainController {
@Autowired private PersonService personService;
@RequestMapping(value = "/savePerson", method = RequestMethod.GET)
@ResponseBody
public String savePerson() {
personService.savePerson();
return "success!";
}
}https://localhost:8080/savePerson，返回 "success!"。Person 表，確認資料已正確寫入（ID 自增、created 時間戳、欄位值皆符）。
sessionFactory.openSession()，getCurrentSession() 需配合 CurrentSessionContext 配置，否則拋出 No Session found for current thread。applicationContext.xml 必須排除 @Controller，spring-mvc.xml 僅掃描 Controller，避免 Bean 重複建立導致事務失效。useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=utf-8，表/庫建立時指定 CHARSET=utf8mb4，防止中文亂碼。@Transactional 在 public 方法上、Spring 掃描到該 Bean、資料源與 SessionFactory 正確注入事務管理器。本文完整記錄了從零搭建 Spring + SpringMVC + Hibernate 整合專案的全過程：Maven 依賴管理、雙容器配置、Hibernate 核心組件裝配、分層程式碼實作與測試驗證。掌握此整合流程，可快速建立企業級 Java Web 專案骨架，後續擴展安全框架、快取、MQ 等中間件皆在此基礎上演進。
