C 語言實作線性表連續儲存結構與基本操作

前言

線性表是資料結構中最基礎的結構之一，其儲存方式分為連續儲存（順序表）與鏈式儲存（鏈表）。本文示範如何以 C 語言動態配置記憶體建立順序表，並實作新增、刪除、修改、查詢、插入、追加等核心操作，搭配選單式介面供使用者互動測試。

資料結構設計

採用動態陣列 int *array 搭配全域變數 size 記錄總容量。實際元素個數由 check_length() 掃描陣列中非零值計算（預設以 0 為空值標記）。

核心功能模組

1. 記憶體配置與初始化

int *create_array(void) {
    printf("請輸入陣列大小：");
    while (scanf("%d", &size) != 1) { while(getchar()!='\n'); printf("請輸入整數："); }
    while(getchar()!='\n');
    int *arr = (int*)malloc(sizeof(int)*size);
    if (!arr) printf("記憶體配置失敗\\n");
    return arr;
}
void init_array(int *arr, int n) { memset(arr, 0, n*sizeof(int)); }

2. 基本操作函數

• add()：於陣列尾端追加元素，檢查是否已滿。
• insert()：指定位置插入，後續元素後移，處理邊界條件。
• modify()：指定位置修改數值。
• delete()：指定位置刪除，後續元素前移，尾端補 0。
• query()：支援查詢單一位置或列印所有元素。
• show_array()：遍歷輸出目前有效元素。

主程式流程

int main(void) {
    int *array = create_array(); if (!array) return -1;
    init_array(array, size);
    char choice = '\0';
    while (choice != 'q') {
        system("clear");
        menu();
        printf("請選擇 (q 退出)：");
        while (scanf("%c", &choice)) {
            if ((choice<'1' || choice>'5') && choice!='q' && choice!='\n') {
                if (getchar()!='\n') flag=1;
                printf("輸入錯誤，重新選擇："); continue;
            } else break;
        }
        if (choice=='q') break;
        switch(choice) {
            case '1': add(array); show_array(array); break;
            case '2': show_array(array); delete(array); break;
            case '3': show_array(array); modify(array); break;
            case '4': show_array(array); insert(array); break;
            case '5': query(array); break;
        }
        printf("按任意鍵繼續...\\n"); getchar();
    }
    free(array); return 0;
}

常見問題與改進方向

1. 以 0 判定空值：若需儲存 0 值會誤判，建議改用獨立 length 變數追蹤有效長度。
2. 輸入驗證：scanf 回傳值檢查與緩衝區清理已處理，但可進一步封裝為通用輸入函式。
3. 擴容機制：目前固定容量，若需動態增長可引入 realloc 實作向量擴容。
4. 錯誤代碼回傳：函數多為 void，建議回傳 int 狀態碼便於上層判斷。

完整原始碼

/*************************************************************************
> File Name: line_bak.c
> Author: Baniel Gao
> Mail: createchance@163.com
> Blog: blog.csdn.net/createchance
> Created Time: Mon 16 Dec 2013 20:04:58 CST
***********************************************************************/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>

void menu(void);
int *create_array(void);
void init_array(int *array, int n);
int check_length(int const *array);
void add(int *array);
void insert(int *array);
void modify(int *array);
void delete(int *array);
void query(int const *array);
void show_array(int const *array);

int size;

int main(void) {
    int *array = NULL;
    char choice = '\0';
    int flag;
    array = create_array();
    if(array == NULL) { return -1; }
    init_array(array,size);
    while( choice != 'q' ) {
        flag = 0;
        system("clear");
        printf("Here are some choice: \\n");
        menu();
        printf("Make your choice(press q to quit): ");
        while( scanf("%c",&choice ) ) {
            if( (choice < '1' || choice > '5' || flag == 1 ) && choice != 'q' ) {
                if( choice != '\n' && getchar() != '\n' ) flag = 1;
                printf("Make your choice(press q to quit): "); continue;
            } else break;
            while(getchar() != '\n') ;
        }
        while(flag && getchar() != '\n') ;
        if(choice == 'q') break;
        switch(choice) {
            case '1': add(array); show_array(array); break;
            case '2': show_array(array); delete(array); break;
            case '3': show_array(array); modify(array); break;
            case '4': show_array(array); insert(array); break;
            case '5': query(array); break;
        }
        printf("Press any key to continue.....\\n"); getchar();
    }
    free(array); return 0;
}

void menu(void) {
    printf("1).add a number to the array.\\n");
    printf("2).delete a number from the array.\\n");
    printf("3).modify a number of the array.\\n");
    printf("4).insert a number into the array.\\n");
    printf("5).query a number from the array.\\n");
}

int *create_array(void) {
    int *array = NULL;
    printf("Please input the size of the array: ");
    while(scanf("%d",&size) != 1) {
        while(getchar() != '\n') ; printf("The size must be a integer number!Please input again: \\n");
    }
    while(getchar() != '\n') ;
    if( (array = (int *)malloc(sizeof(int)*size)) == NULL ) {
        printf("Memory allocate failed!\\n");
    }
    return array;
}

void init_array(int *array, int n) { memset(array,0,n*sizeof(int)); }

int check_length(int const *array) {
    int length = 0;
    while(array[length++] != 0) ; return length-1;
}

void add(int *array) {
    int last = check_length(array);
    if(last == size) { printf("The array is full!\\n"); return; }
    printf("Please input the number you want to add: ");
    while( scanf("%d",array+last) != 1 ) { while(getchar() != '\n') ; printf("You must input a integer number!Try again: "); }
    while(getchar() != '\n') ;
}

void insert(int *array) {
    int pos = 0, num, i;
    int length = check_length(array);
    if(length == size) { printf("The array is full!\\n"); }
    if(length == 0) { printf("The length of the array is 0,you can just add number to it!"); add(array); return; }
    else {
        printf("Which place do you want to insert?: ");
        while(scanf("%d",&pos) != 1 || pos < 1 || pos > length) { while(getchar() != '\n') ; printf("Wrong position!Please input again: \\n"); }
        printf("Please input the number you want to insert: ");
        while( scanf("%d",&num) != 1 ) { while(getchar() != '\n') ; printf("Invalid input!Please input again: \\n"); }
        while(getchar() != '\n') ;
        for(i=length-1; i>=pos-1; i--) array[i+1] = array[i];
        array[pos-1] = num;
    }
}

void modify(int *array) {
    int pos = 0;
    int length = check_length(array);
    printf("Which place do you want to modify?: ");
    while(scanf("%d",&pos) != 1 || pos < 1 || pos > length) { while(getchar() != '\n') ; printf("Wrong position!Please input again: \\n"); }
    printf("Please input the number you want to change: ");
    while( scanf("%d",array+pos-1) != 1 ) { while(getchar() != '\n') ; printf("Invalid input!Please input again: \\n"); }
    while(getchar() != '\n') ;
}

void delete(int *array) {
    int pos = 0,i;
    int length = check_length(array);
    if(length == 0) { printf("The length is 0,you can not delete!\\n"); return; }
    printf("Which place do you want to delete?: ");
    while(scanf("%d",&pos) != 1 || pos < 1 || pos > length) { while(getchar() != '\n') ; printf("Wrong position!Please input again: \\n"); }
    while(getchar() != '\n') ;
    for(i=pos-1; i length ) { while(getchar() != '\n') ; printf("Invalid position!Please input again!\\n"); }
            while(getchar() != '\n') ;
            printf("The position %d you query is : %d!\\n",pos,array[pos-1]);
        }
    }
}

void show_array(int const *array) {
    int length = check_length(array);
    int i = 0;
    if(length == 0) { printf("The array is NULL!\\n"); return; }
    else { for(i=0; i