Python 連接 MySQL 報錯 ImportError: No module named MySQLdb 完美解決方案

Python 連接 MySQL 報錯 ImportError: No module named MySQLdb 完美解決方案

經典報錯 ImportError: No module named MySQLdb 通常因缺少 mysqlclient 或 MySQL-python 驅動。本文提供全平台、多版本兼容的安裝方案。

一、快速驗證

python -c "import MySQLdb"
# 無報錯即已安裝

二、推薦方案：mysqlclient (純 C 實現，性能更優，支持 Python 3)

Linux (Debian/Ubuntu)

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install python3-dev default-libmysqlclient-dev build-essential
pip install mysqlclient

CentOS/RHEL

sudo yum install python3-devel mysql-devel gcc
pip install mysqlclient

macOS

brew install mysql-connector-c
pip install mysqlclient

Windows

pip install mysqlclient
# 或下載預編譯 whl：https://www.lfd.uci.edu/~gohlke/pythonlibs/#mysqlclient

三、舊方案：MySQL-python (僅 Python 2.7，停止維護)

wget https://sourceforge.net/projects/mysql-python/files/latest/download
tar -xzf MySQL-python-*.tar.gz
cd MySQL-python-*
python setup.py build
python setup.py install

常見編譯錯誤及修復

EnvironmentError: mysql_config not found

# 1. 確認 mysql_config 路徑
which mysql_config
# 輸出如 /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysql_config

# 2. 修改 setup_posix.py
vi setup_posix.py
# 找到 mysql_config.path = "mysql_config"
# 改為絕對路徑
mysql_config.path = "/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysql_config"

# 3. 重新編譯安裝
python setup.py build
python setup.py install

四、現代替代：PyMySQL (純 Python 實現，無需編譯)

pip install pymysql
# 代碼中兼容 MySQLdb API
import pymysql
pymysql.install_as_MySQLdb()
import MySQLdb  # 現在可用

五、Docker 環境一行搞定

# Dockerfile
RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y default-libmysqlclient-dev gcc \
    && pip install mysqlclient

六、驗證連接

import MySQLdb
conn = MySQLdb.connect(host='localhost', user='root', passwd='pass', db='test')
cursor = conn.cursor()
cursor.execute("SELECT VERSION()")
print(cursor.fetchone())