Nginx + PHP-FPM 完整部署指南：從安裝、配置到高併發優化

Nginx 搭配 PHP-FPM 是現代 PHP 高效能部署的標準架構。本文涵蓋 FastCGI 原理、PHP-FPM 編譯安裝、Nginx 整合配置、關鍵參數調優與壓測驗證，適合生產環境參考。

FastCGI 運作原理

Nginx 本身不解析 PHP，而是將請求透過 FastCGI 協議轉發給 PHP-FPM 進程管理器：

1. 用戶請求 .php 頁面
2. Nginx location ~ \.php$ 匹配，轉發至 127.0.0.1:9000 (或 Unix Socket)
3. PHP-FPM Master 進程分配 Worker 處理
4. Worker 執行腳本，回傳結果給 Nginx
5. Nginx 回應客戶端

PHP + PHP-FPM 編譯安裝 (CentOS 7 範例)

# 1. 安裝依賴
yum install -y gcc gcc-c++ libxml2 libxml2-devel openssl openssl-devel \
    libcurl libcurl-devel libjpeg libjpeg-devel libpng libpng-devel \
    freetype freetype-devel zlib zlib-devel

# 2. 下載原始碼
wget https://www.php.net/distributions/php-8.2.10.tar.gz
tar zxvf php-8.2.10.tar.gz
cd php-8.2.10

# 3. 配置編譯選項 (含 FPM)
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/php \
    --enable-fpm \
    --with-fpm-user=www \
    --with-fpm-group=www \
    --with-openssl \
    --with-curl \
    --with-zlib \
    --enable-mbstring \
    --with-pdo-mysql=mysqlnd \
    --with-mysqli=mysqlnd \
    --enable-bcmath \
    --enable-sockets \
    --enable-opcache

# 4. 編譯安裝
make -j$(nproc) && make install

# 5. 複製配置檔
cp php.ini-production /usr/local/php/lib/php.ini
cp sapi/fpm/php-fpm.conf /usr/local/php/etc/php-fpm.conf
cp sapi/fpm/www.conf /usr/local/php/etc/php-fpm.d/www.conf

PHP-FPM 關鍵配置優化

編輯 /usr/local/php/etc/php-fpm.d/www.conf：

; 進程管理模式：dynamic (動態) / static (靜態) / ondemand (按需)
pm = dynamic

; 最大子進程數 (視記憶體而定：4GB 建議 100~200)
pm.max_children = 100

; 啟動時進程數
pm.start_servers = 10

; 最小閒置進程數
pm.min_spare_servers = 5

; 最大閒置進程數
pm.max_spare_servers = 20

; 每個進程處理請求數上限 (防止記憶體洩漏)
pm.max_requests = 1000

; 請求超時 (秒)
request_terminate_timeout = 60

; 慢日誌閾值 (秒)
request_slowlog_timeout = 5
slowlog = /usr/local/php/var/log/slow.log

; 監聽方式：Unix Socket 效能優於 TCP
listen = /tmp/php-fpm.sock
listen.owner = www
listen.group = www
listen.mode = 0660

Nginx 整合配置

server {
    listen 80;
    server_name example.com;
    root /var/www/html;
    index index.php index.html;

    location / {
        try_files $uri $uri/ /index.php?$query_string;
    }

    location ~ \.php$ {
        fastcgi_pass unix:/tmp/php-fpm.sock;
        fastcgi_index index.php;
        fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
        include fastcgi_params;
        
        # 快取優化
        fastcgi_cache php_cache;
        fastcgi_cache_valid 200 302 1h;
        fastcgi_cache_valid 404 1m;
    }

    # 靜態資源快取
    location ~* \.(jpg|jpeg|png|gif|ico|css|js|woff|woff2)$ {
        expires 30d;
        add_header Cache-Control "public, no-transform";
    }
}

Nginx FastCGI 快取與緩衝區優化

在 http 區塊加入：

fastcgi_cache_path /var/cache/nginx/fastcgi levels=1:2 keys_zone=php_cache:100m inactive=60m;
fastcgi_cache_key "$scheme$request_method$host$request_uri";

fastcgi_connect_timeout 60s;
fastcgi_send_timeout 60s;
fastcgi_read_timeout 60s;

fastcgi_buffer_size 64k;
fastcgi_buffers 4 64k;
fastcgi_busy_buffers_size 128k;
fastcgi_temp_file_write_size 128k;

驗證與壓測

# 建立測試頁
echo ' /var/www/html/phpinfo.php

# 瀏覽器訪問確認
curl -I https://example.com/phpinfo.php

# 壓測 (wrk 範例)
wrk -t4 -c200 -d30s https://example.com/phpinfo.php

常見問題排查