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SSH (Struts2 + Spring + Hibernate) 框架整合完整步驟指南

編輯：Java 相關知識

SSH 是 Java Web 經典三層架構組合：Struts2 (表現層) + Spring (業務層/容器) + Hibernate (持久層)。雖然現代項目多遷移至 Spring Boot，但大量存量專案仍在維護。本文梳理 MyEclipse 環境下 SSH 整合標準流程、關鍵配置、依賴管理、常見坑點。

一、專案結構規劃

src/
├── main/
│   ├── java/
│   │   ├── com.app.action/      # Struts2 Action
│   │   ├── com.app.service/     # Service 接口/實現
│   │   ├── com.app.dao/         # DAO 接口/實現
│   │   ├── com.app.model/       # 實體類
│   │   └── com.app.util/        # 工具類
│   ├── resources/
│   │   ├── struts.xml           # Struts2 核心配置
│   │   ├── applicationContext.xml # Spring 核心配置
│   │   ├── hibernate.cfg.xml    # Hibernate 配置 (可選，併入 Spring)
│   │   └── *.hbm.xml            # 映射文件 (或註解)
│   └── webapp/
│       ├── WEB-INF/
│       │   ├── web.xml          # 部署描述符
│       │   └── lib/             # JAR 包 (Maven 管理則無)
│       └── *.jsp

二、核心 JAR 依賴 (Maven 推薦版本)

<properties>
    <struts2.version>2.5.30</struts2.version>
    <spring.version>5.3.21</spring.version>
    <hibernate.version>5.6.10.Final</hibernate.version>
</properties>

<dependencies>
    <!-- Struts2 核心 -->
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.apache.struts</groupId>
        <artifactId>struts2-core</artifactId>
        <version>${struts2.version}</version>
    </dependency>
    <!-- Struts2-Spring 整合插件 (關鍵) -->
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.apache.struts</groupId>
        <artifactId>struts2-spring-plugin</artifactId>
        <version>${struts2.version}</version>
    </dependency>

    <!-- Spring 核心 -->
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-web</artifactId>
        <version>${spring.version}</version>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-orm</artifactId>
        <version>${spring.version}</version>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-tx</artifactId>
        <version>${spring.version}</version>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-context</artifactId>
        <version>${spring.version}</version>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-aop</artifactId>
        <version>${spring.version}</version>
    </dependency>

    <!-- Hibernate -->
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.hibernate</groupId>
        <artifactId>hibernate-core</artifactId>
        <version>${hibernate.version}</version>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.hibernate</groupId>
        <artifactId>hibernate-entitymanager</artifactId>
        <version>${hibernate.version}</version>
    </dependency>

    <!-- 連接池 -->
    <dependency>
        <groupId>commons-dbcp</groupId>
        <artifactId>commons-dbcp</artifactId>
        <version>1.4</version>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>commons-pool</groupId>
        <artifactId>commons-pool</artifactId>
        <version>1.6</version>
    </dependency>

    <!-- 數據庫驅動 (以 MySQL 為例) -->
    <dependency>
        <groupId>mysql</groupId>
        <artifactId>mysql-connector-java</artifactId>
        <version>8.0.33</version>
    </dependency>

    <!-- JSON/日誌/工具 -->
    <dependency>
        <groupId>com.fasterxml.jackson.core</groupId>
        <artifactId>jackson-databind</artifactId>
        <version>2.15.2</version>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
        <artifactId>slf4j-api</artifactId>
        <version>2.0.9</version>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>ch.qos.logback</groupId>
        <artifactId>logback-classic</artifactId>
        <version>1.4.11</version>
    </dependency>
</dependencies>

三、web.xml 核心配置

<web-app xmlns="https://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee"
         version="3.1">

    <!-- 1. Spring 容器啟動監聽器 (必須) -->
    <listener>
        <listener-class>org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener</listener-class>
    </listener>
    <context-param>
        <param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>
        <param-value>classpath:applicationContext.xml</param-value>
    </context-param>

    <!-- 2. Struts2 核心過濾器 -->
    <filter>
        <filter-name>struts2</filter-name>
        <filter-class>org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.filter.StrutsPrepareAndExecuteFilter</filter-class>
    </filter>
    <filter-mapping>
        <filter-name>struts2</filter-name>
        <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
    </filter-mapping>

    <!-- 3. 編碼過濾器 (建議第一個) -->
    <filter>
        <filter-name>encodingFilter</filter-name>
        <filter-class>org.springframework.web.filter.CharacterEncodingFilter</filter-class>
        <init-param>
            <param-name>encoding</param-name>
            <param-value>UTF-8</param-value>
        </init-param>
        <init-param>
            <param-name>forceEncoding</param-name>
            <param-value>true</param-value>
        </init-param>
    </filter>
    <filter-mapping>
        <filter-name>encodingFilter</filter-name>
        <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
    </filter-mapping>

    <welcome-file-list>
        <welcome-file>index.jsp</welcome-file>
    </welcome-file-list>
</web-app>

四、Spring 核心配置 applicationContext.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="https://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
       xmlns:xsi="https://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
       xmlns:context="https://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
       xmlns:tx="https://www.springframework.org/schema/tx"
       xmlns:aop="https://www.springframework.org/schema/aop"
       xsi:schemaLocation="
           https://www.springframework.org/schema/beans https://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
           https://www.springframework.org/schema/context https://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd
           https://www.springframework.org/schema/tx https://www.springframework.org/schema/tx/spring-tx.xsd
           https://www.springframework.org/schema/aop https://www.springframework.org/schema/aop/spring-aop.xsd">

    <!-- 1. 掃描註解 (Service, DAO, Component) -->
    <context:component-scan base-package="com.app" />

    <!-- 2. 數據源 (DBCP) -->
    <bean id="dataSource" class="org.apache.commons.dbcp.BasicDataSource" destroy-method="close">
        <property name="driverClassName" value="com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver" />
        <property name="url" value="jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/dbname?useSSL=false&serverTimezone=UTC" />
        <property name="username" value="root" />
        <property name="password" value="password" />
        <property name="initialSize" value="5" />
        <property name="maxActive" value="20" />
    </bean>

    <!-- 3. SessionFactory (Hibernate 5) -->
    <bean id="sessionFactory" class="org.springframework.orm.hibernate5.LocalSessionFactoryBean">
        <property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource" />
        <property name="packagesToScan" value="com.app.model" /> <!-- 掃描實體註解 -->
        <property name="hibernateProperties">
            <props>
                <prop key="hibernate.dialect">org.hibernate.dialect.MySQL8Dialect</prop>
                <prop key="hibernate.show_sql">true</prop>
                <prop key="hibernate.format_sql">true</prop>
                <prop key="hibernate.hbm2ddl.auto">update</prop>
                <prop key="hibernate.current_session_context_class">org.springframework.orm.hibernate5.SpringSessionContext</prop>
            </props>
        </property>
    </bean>

    <!-- 4. 事務管理器 -->
    <bean id="transactionManager" class="org.springframework.orm.hibernate5.HibernateTransactionManager">
        <property name="sessionFactory" ref="sessionFactory" />
    </bean>

    <!-- 5. 註解驅動事務 -->
    <tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager" />

    <!-- 6. Struts2 Action 交由 Spring 管理 (關鍵) -->
    <bean id="userAction" class="com.app.action.UserAction" scope="prototype">
        <property name="userService" ref="userService" />
    </bean>
</beans>

五、Struts2 配置 struts.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE struts PUBLIC
    "-//Apache Software Foundation//DTD Struts Configuration 2.5//EN"
    "https://struts.apache.org/dtds/struts-2.5.dtd">
<struts>
    <!-- 開發模式：熱加載配置、詳細錯誤 -->
    <constant name="struts.devMode" value="true" />
    <constant name="struts.i18n.encoding" value="UTF-8" />
    <constant name="struts.objectFactory" value="spring" /> <!-- 關鍵：Action 由 Spring 創建 -->

    <package name="default" namespace="/" extends="struts-default">
        <action name="user_*" class="userAction" method="{1}">
            <result name="success">/WEB-INF/jsp/user_list.jsp</result>
            <result name="input">/WEB-INF/jsp/user_form.jsp</result>
            <result name="json" type="json">
                <param name="root">data</param>
            </result>
        </action>
    </package>
</struts>

六、關鍵整合點解析

整合點	配置關鍵	作用
Spring 管理 Action	`struts.objectFactory=spring` + Spring 定義 `scope="prototype"` Action Bean	Action 實例由 Spring 容器創建，支持依賴注入 Service
Spring 管理 Hibernate	`LocalSessionFactoryBean` + `HibernateTransactionManager` + `tx:annotation-driven`	Session 與 Spring 事務綁定，DAO 獲取 `sessionFactory.getCurrentSession()`
Open Session In View	web.xml 添加 `OpenSessionInViewFilter` (可選)	視圖渲染階段保持 Session 開啟，支持延遲加載
註解替代 XML	實體 `@Entity`、DAO `@Repository`、Service `@Service/@Transactional`、Action `@Component`	減少 XML，開發效率高

七、DAO/Service/Action 規範代碼

// DAO
@Repository
public class UserDaoImpl implements UserDao {
    @Autowired private SessionFactory sessionFactory;
    
    public void save(User user) {
        sessionFactory.getCurrentSession().save(user);
    }
}

// Service
@Service
@Transactional
public class UserServiceImpl implements UserService {
    @Autowired private UserDao userDao;
    
    public void register(User user) {
        userDao.save(user);
        // 業務邏輯...
    }
}

// Action (Spring Prototype)
@Component("userAction")
@Scope("prototype")
public class UserAction extends ActionSupport {
    @Autowired private UserService userService;
    private User user;
    
    public String register() {
        userService.register(user);
        return SUCCESS;
    }
    // getter/setter...
}

八、MyEclipse 圖形化整合步驟 (舊版專案維護)

右鍵專案 → MyEclipse → Project Capabilities → 勾選 Spring、Hibernate、Struts
Spring Capabilities：勾選 core、orm、tx、aop、web，選 Copy checked library jars to project folder
Hibernate Capabilities：選 Copy checked library jars to project folder，配置 hibernate.cfg.xml 位置
Struts Capabilities：勾選 Struts 2.x，添加 struts2-spring-plugin JAR
手動調整 web.xml、applicationContext.xml、struts.xml 關鍵整合配置

九、常見啟動錯誤排查

錯誤現象	可能原因	解決方案
`NoClassDefFoundError: org/springframework/...`	JAR 缺失/版本衝突	Maven 統一版本；手動管理檢查 WEB-INF/lib
`BeanCreationException: sessionFactory`	數據源/方言/映射配置錯誤	檢查 URL、驅動、方言、packagesToScan
`Action class not found`	Struts 未找到 Action Bean	確認 `struts.objectFactory=spring`、Spring 掃描包含 Action、Bean id 匹配
`No Session found for current thread`	事務未生效/Session 綁定失敗	檢查 `@Transactional`、`tx:annotation-driven`、`current_session_context_class`
`LazyInitializationException`	視圖層訪問延遲關聯	啟用 OSIV Filter 或 Service 層預加載

總結：SSH 整合核心在於 Spring 統一容器管理 Struts Action 與 Hibernate SessionFactory。關鍵三點：struts.objectFactory=spring、LocalSessionFactoryBean + HibernateTransactionManager、@Transactional 事務邊界。新項目強烈建議遷移 Spring Boot (自動配置、內嵌容器、零 XML)；存量專案按此規範維護，穩定可控。