Apache 虛擬主機配置完整指南：NameVirtualHost、多域名、非預設目錄權限解決

核心配置檔

編輯 httpd.conf (或 extra/httpd-vhosts.conf 並 Include)，Apache 2.4+ 已棄用 NameVirtualHost，直接用 VirtualHost。

基本虛擬主機範例 (三個站點共用 80 埠)

Listen 80

# 必須放在最前面：預設虛擬主機 (捕獲未匹配域名)
<VirtualHost *:80>
    ServerName default
    DocumentRoot "/var/www/html"
    <Directory "/var/www/html">
        Require all granted
    </Directory>
</VirtualHost>

# 站點 1：www.example.com
<VirtualHost *:80>
    ServerName www.example.com
    ServerAlias example.com
    DocumentRoot "/var/www/example"
    ErrorLog "/var/log/apache2/example_error.log"
    CustomLog "/var/log/apache2/example_access.log" combined
    <Directory "/var/www/example">
        Options Indexes FollowSymLinks
        AllowOverride All
        Require all granted
    </Directory>
</VirtualHost>

# 站點 2：blog.example.com
<VirtualHost *:80>
    ServerName blog.example.com
    DocumentRoot "/var/www/blog"
    <Directory "/var/www/blog">
        Options FollowSymLinks
        AllowOverride All
        Require all granted
    </Directory>
</VirtualHost>

# 站點 3：api.example.com (放在最後作為 fallback)
<VirtualHost *:80>
    ServerName api.example.com
    DocumentRoot "/var/www/api"
    <Directory "/var/www/api">
        Require all granted
    </Directory>
</VirtualHost>

關鍵指令解析

非預設目錄權限問題 (403 Forbidden)

若 DocumentRoot 指向 /home/user/www 或其他非系統預設目錄，需在 **主配置** 中授權該父目錄：

<Directory "/home/user">
    Options Indexes FollowSymLinks
    AllowOverride None
    Require all granted
</Directory>

並確保系統層面目錄權限：chmod 755 /home/user/www，SELinux 環境需 chcon -R -t httpd_sys_content_t /home/user/www。

SSL/HTTPS 虛擬主機 (443 埠)

<VirtualHost *:443>
    ServerName secure.example.com
    DocumentRoot "/var/www/secure"
    SSLEngine on
    SSLCertificateFile "/etc/ssl/certs/example.crt"
    SSLCertificateKeyFile "/etc/ssl/private/example.key"
    <Directory "/var/www/secure">
        Require all granted
    </Directory>
</VirtualHost>

測試與除錯

1. apachectl configtest (或 httpd -t) 驗證語法。
2. systemctl reload apache2 (或 httpd -k graceful) 熱重載。
3. curl -H "Host: www.example.com" https://localhost/ 驗證虛擬主機匹配。
4. 查看 error_log 確認 403/500 根因。