您现在的位置：程式碼之家 >> 編程語言 > >> 更多程式語言 >> 程式設計綜合問答

C# 完整人員管理系統：Person、Teacher、Student 類別設計與實作

編輯：程式設計綜合問答

系統類別圖概覽

Person (abstract)
├── Teacher
└── Student

核心程式碼實作

1. 共用枚舉與結構體

public enum SexType { Male, Female, Unknown }
public enum ProTitle { Assistant, Lecturer, AssociateProfessor, Professor, Unknown }
public enum StuTitle { Monitor, ViceMonitor, StudyCommittee, Member }

public struct CourseScore {
    public string CourseName;
    public float Score;
}

2. 抽象基類 Person

public abstract class Person {
    // 私有欄位
    private string name;
    private float height;
    private float weight;
    private SexType sex;
    private string id; // 18 碼身分證

    // 屬性
    public string Name { get => name; set => name = value; }
    public float Height { get => height; set => height = value; }
    public float Weight { get => weight; set => weight = value; }
    public SexType Sex { get => sex; set => sex = value; }
    public string ID {
        get => id;
        set {
            if (value.Length == 18 && !value.Contains(" "))
                id = value;
            else
                throw new ArgumentException("身分證號格式錯誤");
        }
    }
    public int Age { get; private set; } // 唯讀，實作略

    // 建構函式
    public Person() {
        name = "Unknown";
        height = weight = 0;
        sex = SexType.Unknown;
        ID = "999999999999999999";
        Age = 0;
    }
    public Person(string name, string id, float height, float weight, SexType sex) {
        Name = name;
        Height = height;
        Weight = weight;
        Sex = sex;
        ID = id;
        // Age 由生日計算，略
    }

    // 抽象方法
    public abstract void Saying();
    public abstract void Write(FileStream fs);
    public abstract void Read(FileStream fs);
}

3. Teacher 類別

public class Teacher : Person {
    private ProTitle title;
    private List<string> courses = new List<string>();

    public ProTitle Title { get => title; set => title = value; }
    public int CourseNumber => courses.Count; // 唯讀

    public Teacher() : base() { }
    public Teacher(string name, string id, float height, float weight, SexType sex, ProTitle title)
        : base(name, id, height, weight, sex) {
        this.title = title;
    }

    // 新增課程（不可重複）
    public string CourseAdd(string courseName) {
        if (courses.Contains(courseName))
            return $"課程 [{courseName}] 已存在";
        courses.Add(courseName);
        return "新增成功";
    }

    // 刪除課程
    public string CourseDelete(string courseName) {
        if (!courses.Remove(courseName))
            return $"課程 [{courseName}] 不存在";
        return "刪除成功";
    }

    public override void Saying() {
        Console.WriteLine("我正在講課，不方便接電話");
    }

    public override string ToString() {
        return $"教師: {Name}, 職稱: {Title}, 課程: {string.Join(",", courses)}";
    }

    public override void Write(FileStream fs) { /* 實作略 */ }
    public override void Read(FileStream fs) { /* 實作略 */ }
}

4. Student 類別

public class Student : Person {
    private string stuID;
    private List<CourseScore> courseScores = new List<CourseScore>();
    private StuTitle title;

    public string StuID { get => stuID; set => stuID = value; }
    public StuTitle Title { get => title; set => title = value; }
    public int CourseNumber => courseScores.Count;

    public Student() : base() { }
    public Student(string name, string id, float height, float weight, SexType sex, string stuID, StuTitle title)
        : base(name, id, height, weight, sex) {
        this.stuID = stuID;
        this.title = title;
    }

    // 重載新增課程
    public void CourseAdd(string courseName, float score) {
        courseScores.Add(new CourseScore { CourseName = courseName, Score = score });
    }
    public void CourseAdd(CourseScore course) {
        courseScores.Add(course);
    }

    // 統計分數
    public void GetScore(ref double high, ref double low, ref double avg) {
        if (courseScores.Count == 0) { high = low = avg = 0; return; }
        high = courseScores.Max(c => c.Score);
        low = courseScores.Min(c => c.Score);
        avg = courseScores.Average(c => c.Score);
    }

    public override void Saying() {
        Console.WriteLine("我正在上課，不方便接電話");
    }

    public override string ToString() {
        var sb = new StringBuilder();
        sb.AppendLine($"學生: {Name}, 學號: {StuID}, 身份: {Title}");
        foreach (var c in courseScores)
            sb.AppendLine($"  {c.CourseName}: {c.Score}");
        return sb.ToString();
    }

    public override void Write(FileStream fs) { /* 實作略 */ }
    public override void Read(FileStream fs) { /* 實作略 */ }
}

設計亮點

多型：Person[] people = { new Teacher(...), new Student(...) }; foreach(var p in people) p.Saying();
封裝：課程集合私有化，對外唯讀屬性與受控方法。
結構體：CourseScore 為值型別，適合高頻小物件。
擴展性：新增 Admin、Parent 只需繼承 Person 並實作抽象方法。

單元測試片段

[TestMethod]
public void TestTeacherCourseManagement() {
    var t = new Teacher("王老師", "110...", 1.7f, 65f, SexType.Male, ProTitle.Professor);
    Assert.AreEqual("新增成功", t.CourseAdd("C#進階"));
    Assert.AreEqual("課程 [C#進階] 已存在", t.CourseAdd("C#進階"));
    Assert.AreEqual("刪除成功", t.CourseDelete("C#進階"));
    Assert.AreEqual("課程 [Java] 不存在", t.CourseDelete("Java"));
}

此架構清晰分離關注點，符合 SOLID 原則，適合中型教務系統核心域模型。